The challenge of understanding, evaluating and providing feedback on regulation during group learning / O desafio em entender, avaliar e fornecer feedback em regulação durante aprendizagem em grupo

Learning in groups is commonly used in academic and clinical health professions education (HPE). There is growing recognition that regulation during learning is essential for both the individual learner and group learning. The authors in this article propose a practical approach for understanding, evaluating and providing feedback on regulation during group learning. The approach is informed by previous studies conducted in other areas of education. Three varieties of regulation during group learning are discussed: individual, co-regulation and shared regulation. Each variety of regulation has a focus on three essential activities during group learning: task, social and motivation. Illustrative scenarios are presented to describe how the approach can be practically used in HPE. The specific and additional focus on regulation can enhance current approaches for providing feedback on group learning and the authors discuss recommendations for practical implementation and future research.

Aprendizagem em grupo é muito utilizada no ensino dos profissionais de saúde tanto na parte acadêmica quanto na parte clínica. Há um crescente reconhecimento de que a regulação durante aprendizagem é essencial para o indivíduo e em grupo. Os autores deste artigo propõem um modelo prático para entender, avaliar e fornecer feedback em regulação durante a aprendizagem em grupo. Esse modelo é baseado por estudos publicados em outras áreas de educação, sendo composto por três variações de regulação durante aprendizagem em grupo, a saber, individual, corregulação e regulação compartilhada. Cada variação de regulação foca em três atividades essenciais durante a aprendizagem em grupo: tarefa, social e motivacional. Cenários ilustrativos são apresentados para descrever como esse modelo pode ser utilizado em ensino em saúde. O foco específico e adicional em regulação pode melhorar práticas de feedback em aprendizagem em grupos e os autores discutem recomendações para implementações práticas assim como pesquisas futuras.

Formulation

Nitrofurantoin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic that affects both Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria. Nitrofurantoin exhibits bacteriostatic or bactericidaleffects by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and cell wall synthesis. Nanocrystals ofNFT were prepared by Cold High Pressure Homogenization Technique. NFT was dispersed inaqueous surfactant solution containing Poloxamer 188, PVPK 30 and HPMC E3 undercontinuous stirring. Poloxamer 188 was used as a surfactant for the preparation of the NCsFormulation NC9B3 have mean particle size 231 ± 9nm with Polydispersity index 0.09 ± 0.02which indicates very narrow particle size distribution. % Entrapment efficiency was 98.3± 0.7Slow drug release profile indicates the homogeneous dispersion of NFT in lipid matrix. NCshave crystalline nature with rough surfaces which has been confirmed using SEM analysis.XRPD spectra show the reduction in crystalline behaviour of the drug and the lipid afterformation of the NCs. There was no significant change in the mean particle size andPolydispersity index after 6 month storage at 25°C/60% RH

Recent advances in vaccine delivery.

Although currently available vaccines represent an outstanding success story in past few years and it is clear that improvements in vaccine delivery and introduction of new vaccines are required. Vaccine delivery improvements may include the use of novel routes of delivery including intradermal, intranasal, tanscutaneous, and needle free delivery. Intradermal delivery includes delivery of vaccine to the dermis or epidermis for enhancement of immunogenicity. Needle free delivery present lowest risk of needle stick injury and transmission of blood borne pathogen through needle and increase compliance. This review represents the different delivery system, characteristics and advancement in the field of vaccine drug delivery.

Estimation of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage forms by absorption ratio method.

A new absorption ratio method was developed and validated for the determination of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets. Calibration curves for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide over concentration range of 2-20 μg/ml were plotted and molar absorptivity for both the drugs were calculated at both the wavelengths of 270.5 nm (l-max of hydrochlorothiazide) and 231.5 nm (iso- absorptive point). The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies. The value of standard deviation was satisfactory and recovery studies ranging from 99.05-102.23% for valsartan and 97.42-100.22% for hydrochlorothiazide were indicative of the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The results of the assay are in good agreement with the label amount. The method was found to be simple, rapid, and accurate and can be adopted in routine analysis of these drugs in formulations. Due to these attributes, the proposed method could be used for routine analysis of these drugs in combined dosage forms.